VirtualisationInfrastructure¶

compound module VirtualisationInfrastructure

Represents the Virtualisation Infrastructure in a MEC host. It takes care of forwarding packets coming from the 5G core network to the appropriate MEC applications, applying the processing required by all the necessary network protocol layers. Optionally, it can host “independent” MEC applications, i.e., applications that are statically created at initialization, without going through the normal lifecycle (i.e., through the UALCMP and MEC orchestrator). It provides the external interface to communicate with emulated MEC applications, running outside the simulation environment.

Usage diagram¶

Used in compound modules¶

Name	Type	Description
MecHost	compound module	Represents a model of a Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) host belonging to a MEC system, as specified by the ETSI GS MEC 003 specifications. It runs MEC applications within its VirtualisationInfrastructure and can provide a number of MEC services via the MEC platform. MEC applications can be created either dynamically by the MEC orchestrator or statically at the initialization of the simulation. The MEC host possesses a configurable number of computing resources (such as CPU speed, RAM, and storage) and keeps track of the utilization of these resources by the MEC applications via the VirtualisationInfrastructureManager. Moreover, this module includes a User Plane Function (UPF) that allows it to be connected with the 5G core network.

Parameters¶

Name	Type	Default value
hasIpv4	bool	true
hasIpv6	bool	false
numIndependentMecApp	int	0
numExtEthInterfaces	int	0
gateway	string	“”

Properties¶

Name	Value	Description
display	bgb=1350,750;i=block/dispatch
networkNode

Gates¶

Name	Direction	Size	Description
ppp [ ]	inout		Connection with GtpEndpoint and local/external networks
independentMecAppOut [ ]	output	numIndependentMecApp	Connection to the ME App input gate
independentMecAppIn [ ]	input	numIndependentMecApp	Connection to the ME App output gate
meAppOut [ ]	output		Connection to the ME App input gate
meAppIn [ ]	input		Connection to the ME App output gate
mecPlatform [ ]	inout		Connection to the MEC Platform

Unassigned submodule parameters¶

Name	Type	Default value	Description
interfaceTable ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“{numInterfaces} interfaces”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
interfaceTable ↗.displayAddresses	bool	false	Whether to display IP addresses on links
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“rec: %n pks”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.verbose	bool	true	Whether to log packets on the module output
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.recordEmptyPackets	bool	true	Specifies if zero length packets are recorded or not
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.enableConvertingPackets	bool	true	Specifies if converting packets to link type is allowed or not
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.pcapFile	string	“”	The PCAP file to be written, suggested value: pcapFile = “${resultdir}/${configname}-#${runnumber}” + fullpath() + “.pcap”
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.fileFormat	string	“pcapng”
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.snaplen	int	65535	Maximum number of bytes to record per packet
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.timePrecision	int	6	Time precision in recorded file. pcap supports only 6 (usec) or 9 (nanosec), pcapng supports more values (see ‘if_tsresol’ option in pcapng file format).
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.dumpBadFrames	bool	true	Enable dump of frames with hasBitError
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.sendingSignalNames	string	“transmissionEnded”	Space-separated list of outbound packet signals to subscribe to
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.receivingSignalNames	string	“receptionEnded”	Space-separated list of inbound packet signals to subscribe to
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.dumpProtocols	string	“ethernetmac ppp ieee80211mac”	Space-separated list of protocol names as defined in the Protocol class
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.packetFilter	object	“*”	Which packets are considered, matches all packets by default
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.helpers	string	“”	Usable PcapRecorder::IHelper helpers for accept packettype and store/convert packet as specified linktype
pppIf ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.alwaysFlush	bool	false	Flush the pcapFile after each write to ensure that all packets are captured in case of a crash
pppIf ↗.queue ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“contains %p pk (%l) pushed %u\npulled %o removed %r dropped %d”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
pppIf ↗.queue ↗.packetCapacity	int	10000	Maximum number of packets in the queue, no limit by default
pppIf ↗.queue ↗.dataCapacity	int	-1b	Maximum total length of packets in the queue, no limit by default
pppIf ↗.queue ↗.dropperClass	string	“inet::queueing::PacketAtCollectionEndDropper”	Determines which packets are dropped when the queue is overloaded, packets are not dropped by default; the parameter must be the name of a C++ class which implements the IPacketDropperFunction C++ interface and is registered via Register_Class
pppIf ↗.queue ↗.comparatorClass	string	“”	Determines the order of packets in the queue, insertion order by default; the parameter must be the name of a C++ class which implements the IPacketComparatorFunction C++ interface and is registered via Register_Class
pppIf ↗.queue ↗.bufferModule	string	“”	Relative module path to the IPacketBuffer module used by this queue, implicit buffer by default
pppIf ↗.ppp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“rate: %b\nsent: %s, rcvd: %r\nqueue: %q, drop: %d”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
pppIf ↗.ppp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
pppIf ↗.ppp ↗.sendRawBytes	bool	false	When true packets are serialized into a sequence of bytes before sending out
pppIf ↗.ppp ↗.mtu	int	4470B
pppIf ↗.ppp ↗.stopOperationExtraTime	double	-1s	Extra time after lifecycle stop operation finished
pppIf ↗.ppp ↗.stopOperationTimeout	double	2s	Timeout value for lifecycle stop operation
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“rec: %n pks”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.verbose	bool	true	Whether to log packets on the module output
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.recordEmptyPackets	bool	true	Specifies if zero length packets are recorded or not
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.enableConvertingPackets	bool	true	Specifies if converting packets to link type is allowed or not
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.pcapFile	string	“”	The PCAP file to be written, suggested value: pcapFile = “${resultdir}/${configname}-#${runnumber}” + fullpath() + “.pcap”
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.fileFormat	string	“pcapng”
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.snaplen	int	65535	Maximum number of bytes to record per packet
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.timePrecision	int	6	Time precision in recorded file. pcap supports only 6 (usec) or 9 (nanosec), pcapng supports more values (see ‘if_tsresol’ option in pcapng file format).
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.dumpBadFrames	bool	true	Enable dump of frames with hasBitError
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.sendingSignalNames	string	“transmissionEnded”	Space-separated list of outbound packet signals to subscribe to
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.receivingSignalNames	string	“receptionEnded”	Space-separated list of inbound packet signals to subscribe to
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.dumpProtocols	string	“ethernetmac ppp ieee80211mac”	Space-separated list of protocol names as defined in the Protocol class
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.packetFilter	object	“*”	Which packets are considered, matches all packets by default
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.helpers	string	“”	Usable PcapRecorder::IHelper helpers for accept packettype and store/convert packet as specified linktype
extEth ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.alwaysFlush	bool	false	Flush the pcapFile after each write to ensure that all packets are captured in case of a crash
extEth ↗.socket ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“device: {device}\nsnt:{numSent} rcv:{numReceived}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
extEth ↗.socket ↗.device	string		Name of an existing real Ethernet device
extEth ↗.socket ↗.namespace	string	“”
extEth ↗.socket ↗.packetNameFormat	string	“Ext-%p-%t-%n”	Name of received packets
encap ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“passed up: {totalFromMAC}\nsent: {totalFromHigherLayer}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
encap ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
encap ↗.fcsMode	string	“declared”
encap ↗.stopOperationExtraTime	double	-1s	Extra time after the lifecycle stop operation has finished
encap ↗.stopOperationTimeout	double	2s	Timeout value for the lifecycle stop operation
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“rec: %n pks”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.verbose	bool	true	Whether to log packets on the module output
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.recordEmptyPackets	bool	true	Specifies if zero length packets are recorded or not
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.enableConvertingPackets	bool	true	Specifies if converting packets to link type is allowed or not
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.pcapFile	string	“”	The PCAP file to be written, suggested value: pcapFile = “${resultdir}/${configname}-#${runnumber}” + fullpath() + “.pcap”
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.fileFormat	string	“pcapng”
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.snaplen	int	65535	Maximum number of bytes to record per packet
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.timePrecision	int	6	Time precision in recorded file. pcap supports only 6 (usec) or 9 (nanosec), pcapng supports more values (see ‘if_tsresol’ option in pcapng file format).
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.dumpBadFrames	bool	true	Enable dump of frames with hasBitError
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.sendingSignalNames	string	“transmissionEnded”	Space-separated list of outbound packet signals to subscribe to
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.receivingSignalNames	string	“receptionEnded”	Space-separated list of inbound packet signals to subscribe to
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.dumpProtocols	string	“ethernetmac ppp ieee80211mac”	Space-separated list of protocol names as defined in the Protocol class
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.packetFilter	object	“*”	Which packets are considered, matches all packets by default
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.helpers	string	“”	Usable PcapRecorder::IHelper helpers for accept packettype and store/convert packet as specified linktype
lo ↗.pcapRecorder ↗.alwaysFlush	bool	false	Flush the pcapFile after each write to ensure that all packets are captured in case of a crash
lo ↗.lo ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“rcv:{numRcvdOK} snt:{numSent}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
lo ↗.lo ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
lo ↗.lo ↗.mtu	int	4470B
ipv4 ↗.configurator ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.configurator ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv4 ↗.configurator ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv4 ↗.configurator ↗.networkConfiguratorModule	string	“configurator”	The absolute path to the Ipv4NetworkConfigurator; use “” if there is no configurator
ipv4 ↗.configurator ↗.configureRoutingTable	bool	true	Add routing entries to the routing table (uses the configurator module)
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“{routingTableStatusText}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.routerId	string	“auto”	For routers, the router id using IPv4 address dotted
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.netmaskRoutes	string	“*”	Maintain netmask routes for interfaces
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.forwarding	bool	true	Turns IP forwarding on/off
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.multicastForwarding	bool	false	Turns multicast forwarding on/off
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.useAdminDist	bool	false	Use Cisco-like administrative distances
ipv4 ↗.routingTable ↗.routingFile	string	“”	Routing table file name
ipv4 ↗.natTable ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“{numNatEntries} entries”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.natTable ↗.networkProtocolModule	string	“^.ip”
ipv4 ↗.natTable ↗.config	xml	xml(“<config></config>”)	XML configuration parameters for network address translation
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.up ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.enabled	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.robustnessVariable	int	2	IGMP is robust to (robustnessVariable-1) packet loss
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.queryInterval	double	125s
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.queryResponseInterval	double	10s
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.groupMembershipInterval	double	(robustnessVariable * queryInterval) + queryResponseInterval
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.otherQuerierPresentInterval	double	(robustnessVariable * queryInterval) + (queryResponseInterval / 2)
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.startupQueryInterval	double	queryInterval / 4
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.startupQueryCount	int	robustnessVariable
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.lastMemberQueryInterval	double	1s
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.lastMemberQueryCount	int	robustnessVariable
ipv4 ↗.igmp ↗.unsolicitedReportInterval	double	10s
ipv4 ↗.icmp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.icmp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv4 ↗.icmp ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv4 ↗.icmp ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
ipv4 ↗.icmp ↗.quoteLength	int	8B	Number of bytes from original packet to quote in ICMP reply
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.mp ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“{ipv4StatusText}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.arpModule	string
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.icmpModule	string
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.timeToLive	int	32
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.multicastTimeToLive	int	32
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.fragmentTimeout	double	60s
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.limitedBroadcast	bool	false	Send out limited broadcast packets coming from the higher layer
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.directBroadcastInterfaces	string	“”	List of interfaces where direct broadcast is enabled (by default direct broadcast is disabled on all interfaces)
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.enableLocalOutMulticastRouting	bool	false	Enable using the multicast routing table for determining outgoing interfaces for local out packets
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.enableTimestampOption	bool	false	When enabled, IP inserts a timestamp option into the IP header
ipv4 ↗.ip ↗.maxLifetime	double	-1s	Packets older than the limit are discarded
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“size:{arpCacheSize} sent:{numRequestsSent}\nrepl:{numRepliesSent} fail:{numFailedResolutions}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.retryTimeout	double	1s	Number of seconds ARP waits between retries to resolve an IPv4 address
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.retryCount	int	3	Number of times ARP will attempt to resolve an IPv4 address
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.cacheTimeout	double	120s	Number of seconds unused entries in the cache will time out
ipv4 ↗.arp ↗.proxyArpInterfaces	string	“*”	List of interfaces that proxy ARP is enabled on (all interfaces by default)
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“IN: ACCEPT: {inAccept} DROP: {inDrop} BYPASS: {inBypass}\n OUT: PROTECT: {outProtect} DROP: {outDrop} BYPASS: {outBypass}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.networkProtocolModule	string	“^.ip”
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.networkProtocol	string	“ipv4”	address family this instance protects (set to “ipv6” in Ipv6NetworkLayer)
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.interfaceTableModule	string
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.spdModule	string	“^.spd”
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.sadModule	string	“^.sad”
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.spdConfig	xml
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultProtection	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <Protection> element is absent from the configuration
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultEspMode	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <EspMode> element is absent from the configuration
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultEncryptionAlg	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <EncryptionAlg> element is absent from the configuration
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultAuthenticationAlg	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <defaultAuthenticationAlg> element is absent from the configuration
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultMaxTfcPadLength	int	0	Value to use where <MaxTfcPadLength> element is absent from the configuration
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.ahProtectOutDelay	double	0.0s
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.ahProtectInDelay	double	0.0s
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.espProtectOutDelay	double	0.0s
ipv4 ↗.ipsec ↗.espProtectInDelay	double	0.0s
ipv4 ↗.spd ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“entries: {numEntries}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.sad ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“entries: {numEntries}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
ipv4 ↗.lp ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.configurator ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.configurator ↗.interfaceTableModule	string
ipv6 ↗.configurator ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv6 ↗.configurator ↗.networkConfiguratorModule	string	“”	The absolute path to the Ipv6NetworkConfigurator; use “” if there is no configurator
ipv6 ↗.configurator ↗.configureRoutingTable	bool	true
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“{numRoutes} routes\n{numDestCache} destcache entries”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.routes	xml	xml(“<routingTable/>”)
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.forwarding	bool	false
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.isRouter	bool	this.forwarding
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.multicastForwarding	bool	false
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.useAdminDist	bool	false	Use Cisco-like administrative distances
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.advManagedFlag	bool	false	“Managed address configuration” (M) flag in RAs
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.advOtherConfigFlag	bool	false	“Other configuration” (O) flag in RAs
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.advLinkMtu	int	1280	MTU option in RAs (1280 = IPv6 minimum MTU, 0 = don’t include)
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.advCurHopLimit	int	30	Cur Hop Limit field in RAs (0 = unspecified)
ipv6 ↗.routingTable ↗.advDefaultLifetime	double	-1s	Router Lifetime in RAs (-1 = auto: 3*maxRtrAdvInterval)
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.up ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.icmpv6 ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.icmpv6 ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.icmpv6 ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
ipv6 ↗.icmpv6 ↗.mldModule	string	“”	Path to the MLD module, or “” if MLD is not enabled; MLD messages are dropped when empty
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.lp ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.icmpv6Module	string
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.mipv6Module	string
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.minIntervalBetweenRAs	double	200s	RFC 4861: MinRtrAdvInterval (0.33 * MaxRtrAdvInterval)
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.maxIntervalBetweenRAs	double	600s	RFC 4861: MaxRtrAdvInterval
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.advReachableTime	double	3600s	advertised reachable time in RAs; hosts use it as base for NUD
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.dupAddrDetectTransmits	int	1	RFC 4862 Section 5.1: number of NS sent for DAD (0 = disable DAD)
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.optimisticDad	bool	false	RFC 4429 Optimistic DAD: if true, an autoconfigured address may be used as a source address while DAD is still in progress; if false (RFC 4862), packets that would use it are deferred until DAD completes
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.detectL2Movement	bool	true	if true (default), (re)start Router Discovery (send Router Solicitations) whenever an interface associates at the link layer (e.g. a wireless handover to a new access point); lets a mobile node detect movement and obtain a new care-of address immediately, instead of relying on frequent unsolicited Router Advertisements (cf. MIPv6 fast RAs). Set to false to restore the legacy behaviour (movement detected only from periodic Router Advertisements)
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.retransTimer	double	1s	RFC 4861 Section 10: delay between retransmitted NS messages
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.baseReachableTime	double	30s	RFC 4861 Section 10: base value for computing random ReachableTime
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.routerBootupTime	double	uniform(0s, 0.3s)	random startup delay before a router assigns its link-local address; routers boot faster than hosts so that RAs are available by the time hosts solicit
ipv6 ↗.neighbourDiscovery ↗.hostBootupTime	double	uniform(0.4s, 1s)	random startup delay before a host assigns its link-local address
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“{ipv6StatusText}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.routingTableModule	string
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.ipv6NeighbourDiscoveryModule	string
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.icmpv6Module	string
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.procDelay	double	0s
ipv6 ↗.ipv6 ↗.sendRedirects	bool	true	RFC 4861 Section 8.2: when a router forwards a packet back out the interface it arrived on, send the source an ICMPv6 Redirect. Disable on wireless multi-hop / ad-hoc networks (e.g. MANET routing), where the geographic next hop is not directly reachable by the source, so redirects are useless and trigger a storm.
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“IN: ACCEPT: {inAccept} DROP: {inDrop} BYPASS: {inBypass}\n OUT: PROTECT: {outProtect} DROP: {outDrop} BYPASS: {outBypass}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.interfaceTableModule	string
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.spdModule	string	“^.spd”
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.sadModule	string	“^.sad”
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.spdConfig	xml
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultProtection	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <Protection> element is absent from the configuration
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultEspMode	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <EspMode> element is absent from the configuration
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultEncryptionAlg	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <EncryptionAlg> element is absent from the configuration
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultAuthenticationAlg	string	“”	If not “”: value to use where <defaultAuthenticationAlg> element is absent from the configuration
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.defaultMaxTfcPadLength	int	0	Value to use where <MaxTfcPadLength> element is absent from the configuration
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.ahProtectOutDelay	double	0.0s
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.ahProtectInDelay	double	0.0s
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.espProtectOutDelay	double	0.0s
ipv6 ↗.ipsec ↗.espProtectInDelay	double	0.0s
ipv6 ↗.spd ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“entries: {numEntries}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.sad ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“entries: {numEntries}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.ipv6NeighbourDiscoveryModule	string
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.bindingUpdateListModule	string
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.bindingCacheModule	string
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.isHomeAgent	bool
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.isMobileNode	bool
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.maxHaBindingLifeTime	double	3600s	max binding lifetime for HA registration
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.maxRrBindingLifeTime	double	420s	max binding lifetime for CN (route optimization)
ipv6 ↗.mipv6 ↗.useRouteOptimization	bool	true	whether a mobile node route-optimizes with correspondent nodes (RFC 3775); if false, their traffic always uses the bidirectional home-agent tunnel
ipv6 ↗.buList ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.bindingCache ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.ipv6NeighbourDiscoveryModule	string		path to the Ipv6NeighbourDiscovery module
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.isLocalMobilityAnchor	bool	false	(the IPv6 routing table is resolved automatically)
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.isMobileAccessGateway	bool	false
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.localMobilityAnchorAddress	string	“”	MAG: the address of the LMA to register mobile nodes with
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.mobileNodeProfiles	xml	xml(“<mobileNodes/>”)	MAG: mobile-node policy profiles, one per access interface, e.g. <mobileNodes> <mobileNode accessInterface=”wlan0” id=”mn1@example.com” homeNetworkPrefix=”2001:db8:1::” prefixLength=”64”/> </mobileNodes> (accessInterface may be omitted to match any access interface)
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.bindingLifetime	double	3600s	lifetime requested in Proxy Binding Updates
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.homeNetworkPrefixAdvValidLifetime	double	3600s	MAG: valid lifetime of the advertised home network prefix
ipv6 ↗.pmipv6 ↗.homeNetworkPrefixAdvPreferredLifetime	double	1800s	MAG: preferred lifetime of the advertised home network prefix
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		path to the InterfaceTable module
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.routingTableModule	string		path to the Ipv6RoutingTable module
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”	how the ICMPv6 checksum is handled
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.enabled	bool	true	when false, MLD is inert on this node (see above)
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.unsolicitedReportInterval	double	10s	host: delay before the repeated Report after a join
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.robustnessVariable	int	2	loss tolerance; only supplies the defaults of the three params marked (RV) below
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.queryInterval	double	125s	querier: interval between periodic General Queries
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.queryResponseInterval	double	10s	querier: max delay a host may wait before answering a General Query
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.multicastListenerInterval	double	(robustnessVariable * queryInterval) + queryResponseInterval	querier: how long a group stays “has listeners” without a new Report (RV)
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.startupQueryInterval	double	queryInterval / 4	querier: interval between the initial General Queries at startup
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.startupQueryCount	int	robustnessVariable	querier: number of General Queries sent at startup (RV)
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.lastListenerQueryInterval	double	1s	querier: interval between the group-specific Queries sent after a Done
ipv6 ↗.mld ↗.lastListenerQueryCount	int	robustnessVariable	querier: number of group-specific Queries sent after a Done (RV)
udp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“passed up: {numPassedUp} pks\nsent: {numSent} pks{udpDroppedText}”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
udp ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		The path to the InterfaceTable module
udp ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
udp ↗.defaultMulticastLoop	bool	true
tcp ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
tcp ↗.checksumMode	string	“declared”
tcp ↗.advertisedWindow	int	14 * this.mss	In bytes, corresponds with the maximal receiver buffer capacity (Note: normally, NIC queues should be at least this size)
tcp ↗.delayedAcksEnabled	bool	false	Delayed ACK algorithm (RFC 1122) enabled/disabled
tcp ↗.nagleEnabled	bool	true	Nagle’s algorithm (RFC 896) enabled/disabled
tcp ↗.limitedTransmitEnabled	bool	false	Limited Transmit algorithm (RFC 3042) enabled/disabled (can be used for TcpReno/TcpTahoe/TcpNewReno/TcpNoCongestionControl)
tcp ↗.increasedIWEnabled	bool	false	Increased Initial Window (RFC 3390) enabled/disabled
tcp ↗.sackSupport	bool	false	Selective Acknowledgment (RFC 2018, 2883, 3517) support (header option) (SACK will be enabled for a connection if both endpoints support it)
tcp ↗.windowScalingSupport	bool	false	Window Scale (RFC 1323) support (header option) (WS will be enabled for a connection if both endpoints support it)
tcp ↗.windowScalingFactor	int	-1	Window Scaling Factor given as a shift count. Valid values are 0..14, and -1 for automatic selection (it chooses the smallest shift count that makes advertisedWindow representable in 16 bits)
tcp ↗.timestampSupport	bool	false	Timestamps (RFC 1323) support (header option) (TS will be enabled for a connection if both endpoints support it)
tcp ↗.mss	int	536	Maximum Segment Size (header option). Default 536 per RFC 1122.
tcp ↗.msl	int	120s	Maximum Segment Lifetime
tcp ↗.tcpAlgorithmClass	string	“TcpReno”
tcp ↗.dupthresh	int	3	Used for TcpTahoe, TcpReno, and SACK (RFC 3517) DO NOT change unless you really know what you are doing
tcp ↗.initialSsthresh	int	0xFFFFFFFF	Initial value for Slow Start threshold used in TahoeRenoFamily. The initial value of ssthresh SHOULD be set arbitrarily high (e.g., to the size of the largest possible advertised window) Without user interaction there is no limit…
tcp ↗.stopOperationExtraTime	double	0s	Extra time after lifecycle stop operation finished
tcp ↗.stopOperationTimeout	double	2s	Timeout value for lifecycle stop operation
tcp ↗.ecnWillingness	bool	false	True if willing to use ECN
tcp ↗.dctcpGamma	double	0.0625	A fixed estimation gain for calculating dctcp_alpha (RFC 8257 4.2)
tcp ↗.pmtudEnabled	bool	false	Path MTU Discovery (RFC 1191, RFC 1981) enabled/disabled
tcp ↗.pmtudTimeout	double	600s	Time after which the original MSS is restored to probe for increased path MTU (RFC 1191, Section 6.3)
at ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
at ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
at ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
at ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
at ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
at ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
at ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
tn ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
tn ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
tn ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
tn ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
tn ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
tn ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
tn ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default
nl ↗.displayStringTextFormat	string	“processed {numProcessedPackets} pk ({processedTotalLength})”	Determines the text that is written on top of the submodule, supports displaying pars, watches, and module-specific information
nl ↗.interfaceTableModule	string		Module path to the InterfaceTable ↗ module
nl ↗.forwardServiceRegistration	bool	true
nl ↗.forwardProtocolRegistration	bool	true
nl ↗.interfaceMapping	object	{}	Maps network interface names to connected submodule names (e.g. {“eth0”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned network interfaces, ? overrides default
nl ↗.serviceMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ethernetmac”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned services, ? overrides default
nl ↗.protocolMapping	object	{}	Maps protocols to connected submodule names (e.g. {“ipv4”: “bridging”}), overrides automatically learned dispatching; * overrides all learned protocols, ? overrides default

Source code¶

//
// Represents the Virtualisation Infrastructure in a MEC host.
// It takes care of forwarding packets coming from the 5G core network to the
// appropriate MEC applications, applying the processing required by all the necessary
// network protocol layers.
// Optionally, it can host "independent" MEC applications, i.e., applications that
// are statically created at initialization, without going through the normal
// lifecycle (i.e., through the UALCMP and MEC orchestrator).
// It provides the external interface to communicate with emulated MEC applications,
// running outside the simulation environment.
//
module VirtualisationInfrastructure
{
    parameters:
        @networkNode();
        @display("bgb=1350,750;i=block/dispatch");
        @figure[applicationLayer](type=rectangle; pos=250,6; size=600,130; lineColor=#808080; cornerRadius=5; fillColor=#ffff00; fillOpacity=0.1);
        @figure[applicationLayer.title](type=text; pos=845,11; anchor=ne; text="application layer");
        @figure[transportLayer](type=rectangle; pos=250,156; size=600,130; fillColor=#ff0000; lineColor=#808080; cornerRadius=5; fillOpacity=0.1);
        @figure[transportLayer.title](type=text; pos=845,161; anchor=ne; text="transport layer");
        @figure[networkLayer](type=rectangle; pos=250,306; size=600,130; fillColor=#00ff00; lineColor=#808080; cornerRadius=5; fillOpacity=0.1);
        @figure[networkLayer.title](type=text; pos=845,311; anchor=ne; text="network layer");
        @figure[linkLayer](type=rectangle; pos=250,456; size=600,130; fillColor=#0000ff; lineColor=#808080; cornerRadius=5; fillOpacity=0.1);
        @figure[linkLayer.title](type=text; pos=845,461; anchor=ne; text="link layer");
        @figure[submodules];

        //# Network Layer specs
        bool hasIpv4 = default(true);
        bool hasIpv6 = default(false);
        *.interfaceTableModule = default(absPath(".interfaceTable"));
        *.routingTableModule = default("^.ipv4.routingTable");

        int numIndependentMecApp = default(0);
        int numExtEthInterfaces = default(0);
        string gateway = default("");

    gates:
        inout ppp[];                         // Connection with GtpEndpoint and local/external networks

        output independentMecAppOut[numIndependentMecApp];                   // Connection to the ME App input gate
        input independentMecAppIn[numIndependentMecApp];                     // Connection to the ME App output gate

        output meAppOut[];                   // Connection to the ME App input gate
        input meAppIn[];                     // Connection to the ME App output gate

        inout mecPlatform[];                 // Connection to the MEC Platform

    submodules:

        interfaceTable: InterfaceTable {
            @display("p=61,74;is=s");
        }

        //#
        //# link-layer modules
        //#
        pppIf[sizeof(ppp)]: PppInterface {
            @display("p=736,660");
        }

        // ethernet interface used for communicating with external applications in emulation mode
        extEth[numExtEthInterfaces]: <default("ExtLowerEthernetInterface")> like IEthernetInterface {
            parameters:
                @display("p=326,660,row,150;q=txQueue");
        }
        encap: <default("EthernetEncapsulation")> like IEthernetLayer if typename != "" {
            parameters:
                registerProtocol = true;
                @display("p=326,511");
        }

        lo: <default("LoopbackInterface")> like ILoopbackInterface {
            parameters:
                @display("p=548,660,row,150");
        }

        //#
        //# Network layer module
        //#
        ipv4: <default("Ipv4NetworkLayer")> like INetworkLayer if hasIpv4 {
            parameters:
                @display("p=420,372;q=queue");
        }
        ipv6: <default("Ipv6NetworkLayer")> like INetworkLayer if hasIpv6 {
            parameters:
                @display("p=657,374;q=queue");
        }

        //#
        //# Transport layer modules and corresponding application modules
        //#
        udp: Udp {
            @display("p=460,217");
        }

        tcp: Tcp {
            @display("p=627,217");
        }

        // message dispatcher for SAP between application and transport layer
        at: MessageDispatcher {
            parameters:
                @display("p=550,146;b=600,5,,,,1");
        }
        // message dispatcher for SAP between transport and network layer
        tn: MessageDispatcher {
            parameters:
                @display("p=550,300;b=600,5,,,,1");
        }
        // message dispatcher for SAP to link layer
        nl: MessageDispatcher {
            parameters:
                @display("p=550,446;b=600,5,,,,1");
        }

    connections allowunconnected:

        for i=0..numIndependentMecApp -1 {
            at.out++ --> independentMecAppOut++;
            at.in++ <-- independentMecAppIn++;
        }

        for i=0..sizeof(mecPlatform)-1 {
            at.out++ --> mecPlatform$o[i];
            at.in++ <-- mecPlatform$i[i];
        }

        //#
        //# App layer to transport layer connections
        //#
        at.out++ --> udp.appIn;
        at.in++ <-- udp.appOut;

        at.out++ --> tcp.appIn;
        at.in++ <-- tcp.appOut;


        //#
        //# Transport layer to network layer connections
        //#
        udp.ipOut --> tn.in++;
        udp.ipIn <-- tn.out++;

        tcp.ipOut --> tn.in++;
        tcp.ipIn <-- tn.out++;


        ipv4.ifIn <-- nl.out++ if hasIpv4;
        ipv4.ifOut --> nl.in++ if hasIpv4;

        ipv4.transportIn <-- tn.out++ if hasIpv4;
        ipv4.transportOut --> tn.in++ if hasIpv4;

        //#
        //# Network layer to link layer connections
        //#
        ipv6.ifIn <-- nl.out++ if hasIpv6;
        ipv6.ifOut --> nl.in++ if hasIpv6;

        ipv6.transportIn <-- tn.out++ if hasIpv6;
        ipv6.transportOut --> tn.in++ if hasIpv6;

        for i=0..sizeof(ppp)-1 {
            pppIf[i].upperLayerOut --> nl.in++;
            pppIf[i].upperLayerIn <-- nl.out++;
            pppIf[i].phys <--> ppp++;
        }

        for i=0..numExtEthInterfaces-1 {
            encap.lowerLayerOut --> extEth[i].upperLayerIn;
            encap.lowerLayerIn <-- extEth[i].upperLayerOut;
        }
        encap.upperLayerOut --> nl.in++ if numExtEthInterfaces != 0;
        encap.upperLayerIn <-- nl.out++ if numExtEthInterfaces != 0;

        nl.out++ --> lo.upperLayerIn;
        lo.upperLayerOut --> nl.in++;
}

File: src/simu5g/mec/vi/VirtualisationInfrastructure.ned